Acne is a common skin condition that affects hair follicles and sebaceous glands. It causes the appearance of pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and sometimes cysts on the skin. This condition primarily affects the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders. While acne is often associated with adolescence, it can also persist into adulthood or appear for the first time in adults.

Causes and Risk Factors

Acne develops when hair follicles become clogged with sebum and dead skin cells. Several factors contribute to this process:

• Sebum Overproduction: Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum. Excessive production can clog pores.
• Clogged Hair Follicles: Dead skin cells do not shed properly and block the openings of the follicles.
• Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes): These bacteria normally live on the skin. They can proliferate in clogged follicles and cause inflammation.
• Inflammation: The body’s reaction to these bacteria and blockages leads to redness and swelling.

Certain factors increase the risk of developing acne or worsening its condition:

• Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, especially androgens, play a major role. They are common during puberty, pregnancy, or the menstrual cycle.
• Genetics: A family predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing acne.
• Stress: Stress does not cause acne, but it can worsen existing breakouts.
• Diet: The role of diet is debated, but some diets rich in sugar or dairy products can influence acne in some people.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, lithium, or some antiepileptics, can cause acne.
• Cosmetic Products: The use of comedogenic products (which clog pores) aggravates the condition.

Symptoms and Signs

Acne symptoms vary in severity and type. They are generally classified into different types of lesions:

• Blackheads (open comedones): Small black bumps on the skin’s surface. Oxidized sebum gives them their dark color.
• Whiteheads (closed comedones): Small white or flesh-colored bumps. The pore remains closed.
• Papules: Small red bumps, tender to the touch. They indicate inflammation.
• Pustules: Papules filled with pus, with a white or yellow center.
• Nodules: Large, solid, painful lumps located beneath the skin’s surface. They result from deep inflammation.
• Cysts: Large, painful, pus-filled lesions, deep under the skin. Cysts can leave deep scars.

Acne can also be accompanied by redness, inflammation, and pain around the lesions. Its psychological consequences, such as low self-esteem or anxiety, are not uncommon.

Acne Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually clinical. A doctor or dermatologist examines the skin and identifies the types of lesions present. This professional assesses the severity of the acne to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. Diagnosis usually does not require laboratory tests.

The doctor may also ask about the patient’s medical history, skin care habits, current medications, and stress factors. For adult acne or in women, specific questions about the menstrual cycle, pregnancies, or the use of contraceptive methods often play an important role. This guides treatment, especially if hormonal imbalances seem to play a role.

Treatments and Management

Several treatments are available to manage acne, ranging from topical products to oral medications. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the acne and individual responses.

Topical Treatments

• Topical Retinoids: They unclog pores and reduce inflammation.
• Benzoyl Peroxide: This substance kills bacteria and reduces sebum production.
• Salicylic Acid: It exfoliates the skin and helps unclog pores.
• Topical Antibiotics: They reduce bacteria and inflammation.

Oral Treatments

• Antibiotics: Prescribed for moderate to severe acne, they reduce bacteria and inflammation.
• Oral Contraceptives: In women, they regulate hormones and improve hormonal acne.
• Isotretinoin: This powerful medication is reserved for severe or resistant cases. It drastically reduces sebum production and the size of the sebaceous glands.

Dermatological Procedures

• Extractions: A professional removes blackheads and whiteheads.
• Chemical Peels: They exfoliate the skin and improve its appearance.
• Laser and Light Therapy: They target bacteria and reduce inflammation.

A gentle and regular skin care routine supports the effectiveness of these treatments. Daily cleansing with a mild cleanser, moisturizing, and sun protection are important steps.

Recent Scientific Advancements

Acne research remains very active. Although no major breakthroughs were published in the first half of 2025, several areas are seeing constant progress. Efforts are currently focused on a better understanding of the skin microbiome and its interactions with the development of acne. Clinicians and researchers are also exploring new therapeutic targets that specifically aim at the mechanisms of inflammation and sebum production. Personalizing treatments, based on the patient’s genetic or hormonal profile, is also a promising area of research for more effective acne management.

Acne Prevention

It is not always possible to completely prevent acne, especially if significant genetic or hormonal factors play a role. However, a few measures help reduce the risk of breakouts and manage the severity of acne:

• Cleanse your face twice a day: Use a mild cleanser and lukewarm water. Avoid excessive rubbing.
• Use non-comedogenic products: Check labels for ‘non-comedogenic’, ‘non-acnegenic’, or ‘oil-free’ claims.
• Avoid touching or squeezing pimples: This can worsen inflammation and leave scars.
• Shower after exercise: Sweat and sebum can clog pores.
• Wash sheets and pillowcases regularly: This reduces the accumulation of bacteria and sebum.
• Manage stress: Relaxation techniques help control stress-related breakouts.
• Consult a dermatologist: For personalized advice and appropriate treatments.

Living with Acne

Living with acne can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Its impact often extends beyond simple skin manifestations, affecting self-confidence and body image. Several strategies help better manage daily life with this condition.

Adopting a consistent skin care routine with your dermatologist’s recommendations is essential. Patience is also important for treatments that take time to show results. Psychological support or a support group can help if acne significantly affects your emotional well-being. Talking openly about acne with loved ones can reduce feelings of isolation.

Good stress management and a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular physical activity, contribute to overall well-being and can indirectly influence the condition of your skin. Understanding that acne is a complex medical condition, rather than a lack of hygiene, also helps destigmatize the condition. Finally, corrective makeup technologies or advice from dermatologically specialized makeup artists help conceal imperfections while respecting the skin.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Does diet influence acne?

The role of diet in acne is not yet entirely clear, but some studies suggest a link between high glycemic index foods and dairy products and the worsening of acne in some people. Avoiding these foods if you observe a correlation can be helpful, but a balanced diet remains essential for overall health.

Is acne contagious?

No, it is not contagious. You cannot “catch” it from contact with someone who has it. It results from internal and external biological processes specific to the individual.

Does sunlight improve acne?

Sunlight may temporarily seem to improve acne by drying out pimples. However, there is a risk of photosensitization with certain acne treatments. The sun dries out the skin, which can then lead to increased sebum production. Excessive exposure also damages the skin and increases the risk of skin cancer. Sun protection is always essential.

What are the solutions for acne scars?

Several options exist for acne scars once active acne is under control. Chemical peels, microneedling, laser, and dermabrasion are among the professional treatments. The choice depends on the type and depth of the scars. Consult a dermatologist to evaluate the best approach for your skin.

Can adults get acne?

Yes, acne frequently affects adults, especially women. This is referred to as adult acne. It can persist from adolescence or appear for the first time in adulthood. The causes are similar to adolescent acne, with a predominance of hormonal factors and stress.

Additional Resources

• Mayo Clinic

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