Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects motor functions. It results from the progressive degeneration of certain neurons in the brain, particularly those located in the substantia nigra, which produce dopamine. Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter for movement control. A decrease in its production leads to the characteristic motor manifestations of the disease. It affects each individual differently, and the progression of symptoms varies considerably.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact origins of Parkinson’s disease remain largely unknown, but researchers identify several factors contributing to its onset. A combination of genetic predispositions and environmental factors appears to play a role. Genetic mutations identified to date explain a small percentage of cases, often with a family history of the disease.

Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain pesticides or toxins, are under study. However, no single environmental cause proves a direct and definitive link to the disease. Age is the main risk factor; the disease generally appears around 60 years old. It affects men more frequently than women.

Symptoms and Signs

The manifestations of Parkinson’s disease appear gradually and worsen over time. Motor symptoms are the most recognized. The resting tremor, which disappears during voluntary movement, often affects one limb. Rigidity manifests as difficulty flexing or extending the limbs. Bradykinesia, or slowness of movement, makes daily tasks difficult.

Other motor symptoms include balance problems, postural instability, and smaller handwriting (micrographia). The face may show a frozen expression. Speech may become softer and monotone (dysarthria). Beyond motor disorders, people with Parkinson’s disease may experience non-motor symptoms. Loss of smell, sleep disorders such as REM sleep behavior disorder, constipation, depression, and anxiety are common. Fatigue and cognitive impairment can also occur in advanced stages of the disease.

Diagnosis: How is the disease detected?

The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is primarily based on clinical examination and symptoms reported by the patient. No laboratory or imaging test definitively confirms the disease. An experienced neurologist will establish the diagnosis. They evaluate the presence of characteristic motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors. They observe the patient’s response to dopaminergic treatment. Significant improvement in symptoms after taking levodopa strengthens the likelihood of Parkinson’s disease.

In some cases, additional tests like the DATscan can help differentiate Parkinson’s disease from other parkinsonian syndromes. The DATscan visualizes the integrity of dopaminergic nerve endings in the brain. However, this test is not absolute proof, and the diagnosis remains clinical.

Treatments and Management

There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but different approaches can manage symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life. Dopaminergic drugs, such as levodopa, are the main treatment. They compensate for the lack of dopamine in the brain. Other medications, such as dopamine agonists or MAO-B inhibitors, can support dopamine action. The neurologist adjusts the medication according to the disease’s progression and the patient’s individual symptoms.

In addition to medication, non-pharmacological management plays a crucial role. Physical therapy helps maintain mobility, muscle strength, and balance. Speech therapy improves speech and swallowing. Occupational therapy provides strategies to facilitate daily activities. Psychological counseling can help manage depression and anxiety. Regular physical exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep contribute to a better quality of life. In some advanced and selected cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers a surgical option. It involves implanting electrodes in the brain to regulate abnormal neuronal activity.

Recent Scientific Advances

Research on Parkinson’s disease is very active. The first half of 2025 reveals promising advances, particularly in the field of early diagnosis and personalized therapies. Researchers are developing new potential biomarkers. These biomarkers, detectable in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, aim to identify the disease before the onset of motor symptoms. This early detection would allow earlier intervention with neuroprotective therapies. Studies focus on alpha-synuclein, a protein whose abnormal aggregation characterizes the disease. New therapeutic approaches specifically target this protein, seeking to slow its progression. Clinical trials are studying molecules capable of preventing this aggregate. Furthermore, advances in artificial intelligence and big data analysis help to better understand the variability of the disease and predict individual responses to treatments.

Prevention: Is it possible to reduce the risk?

Currently, no method can absolutely prevent Parkinson’s disease. However, studies suggest that certain lifestyle choices can reduce the risk. Regular physical activity, including aerobic and strength exercises, maintains brain health. A healthy and balanced diet, rich in antioxidants, may also play a protective role. Caffeine and green tea consumption are sometimes associated with a reduced risk, but the evidence remains to be confirmed. Maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle promotes general well-being and can contribute to neurological protection.

Living with Parkinson’s Disease

Living with Parkinson’s disease represents a daily challenge, but many resources exist to help patients and their families. A personalized management plan often involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. This team includes neurologists, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and nutritionists. Psychological and emotional support is crucial. Support groups allow patients and their loved ones to share their experiences and help each other. Education about the disease helps to better understand its evolution and implications. Adapting the home environment is often necessary to ensure safety and autonomy. Maintaining social relationships and stimulating activities also contributes to quality of life.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What triggers Parkinson’s disease?

Several factors trigger Parkinson’s disease. The degeneration of neurons responsible for dopamine production in a brain region called the substantia nigra is the primary cause. Genetic and environmental factors work together to trigger this process.

Is Parkinson’s disease hereditary?

In most cases, Parkinson’s disease is not directly hereditary. Approximately 10 to 15% of cases have a genetic component. Certain specific genetic mutations increase the risk. The disease usually occurs sporadically.

What is the most common symptom of Parkinson’s disease?

Resting tremor is the most common and recognizable motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease. It generally appears at rest and decreases during voluntary movement. However, its presence is not mandatory for diagnosis: some patients do not tremor.

Can Parkinson’s disease be cured?

Currently, Parkinson’s disease cannot be cured. Available treatments effectively manage symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life. Research is actively exploring neuroprotective therapies aimed at slowing or stopping the disease’s progression.

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose Parkinson’s disease through a comprehensive neurological examination, assessing characteristic motor symptoms. They also evaluate the patient’s response to dopaminergic medications. There is no specific blood test or imaging to absolutely confirm the diagnosis.

Additional Resources

• Cleveland Clinic

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